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Section I Use of English
Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land. When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people. If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization. 1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All 2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come 3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until 4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally 5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away 6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] along 7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar 8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place 9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides 10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually 11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused 12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result 13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example 14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate 15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under 16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks 17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited 18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally 19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings 20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last. The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.” In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week. In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance. Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company. Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term. 21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to [A] enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility. [B] help corporations achieve larger profits. [C] build a new system of financial regulation. [D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives. 22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate [A] the conditions for generating quick profits. [B] governments’ impatience in decision-making. [C] the solid structure of publicly traded companies. [D] “short-termism” in economic activities. 23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be [A] indirect. [B] adverse. [C] minimal. [D] temporary. 24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate [A] the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”. [B] the significance of long-term thinking. [C] the approaches to promoting “long-termism”. [D] the prevalence of short-term thinking. 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Failure of Quarterly Capitalism [B] Patience as a Corporate Virtue [C] Decisiveness Required of Top Executives [D] Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
Text 2
Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA. The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven. College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows the m to graduate on time.” That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges. Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned. 26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation? [A] The change of course catalogs. [B] Students’ indifference to GPAs. [C] Colleges’ neglect of GPAs. [D] The influence of consumer culture. 27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness? [A] To help freshmen adapt to college learning. [B] To maintain colleges’ graduation rates. [C] To prepare graduates for a challenging future. [D] To increase universities’ income from tuition. 28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to [A] obtain more financial support. [B] boost their student enrollments. [C] improve their teaching quality. [D] meet local governments’ needs. 29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Para. 6) most probably mean? [A] To counterbalance each other. [B] To complement each other. [C] To be identical with each other. [D] To be contradictory to each other. 30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by [A] assessing its feasibility. [B] analyzing the causes behind it. [C] comparing different views on it. [D] listing its long-run effects.
Text 3
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans? ” What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans.” Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.” But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem. Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring. On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights. While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster. 31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it [A] fascinates AI scientists all over the world. [B] has remained popular for as long as 200 years. [C] involves some concerns raised by AI today. [D] has sparked serious ethical controversies. 32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness [A] helps explain artificial intelligence. [B] can be misleading to robot making. [C] inspires popular sci-fi TV series. [D] is too limited for us to reproduce it. 33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles [A] can hardly ever be found. [B] is still beyond our capacity. [C] causes little public concern. [D] has aroused much curiosity. 34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of [A] affirmation. [B] skepticism. [C] contempt. [D] respect. 35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants [B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI [C] The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable [D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control ...... Part B 52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should 1) describe the picture briefly, 2) interpret the implied meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) 
考研英语历年试题——2019年考研试题及答案解析
Section I Use of English
1.【答案】[C]【解析】上一句指出，全球定位系统、数字地图和其他导航应用程序都可以在智能手机上使用。按照语义的连贯性，空格所在句应该是说“很少有人”会在不携带手机的情况下就直接走进森林，[C]项Few（很少，几乎没有）与without构成双重否定，符合上下文语义，故为答案。[A]项Some（一些）、[B]项Most（大多数）和[D]项All（所有）代入文中均不能使上下文形成合理的语义衔接。 2.【答案】[C] 【解析】[C]项run可与on构成合理搭配，run on sh.意为“靠……运行”，代入句中表示“手机依靠电池运行”，语义通顺，故答案为[C]项。put on表示“穿上；播放；使运转”，take on表示“承担；呈现”，come on表示“开始运转，开始工作”。[A]项put、[B]项take和[D]项come构成的短语均不能与batteries形成合理的语义衔接。 3.【答案】[B] 【解析】结合上下文语义来看，此处是一种假设的情况，[B]项If（如果）表示假设，代入句中逻辑通顺，故为答案。[A]项Since（因为，既然；自从）、[C]项Though（尽管，虽然）和[D]项Until（直到……才）代入文中均不能使上下文形成合理的逻辑衔接。 4.【答案】[D] 【解析】空格所在句意思比较完整，空格处需要填入一个副词，[D]项literally（真正地，确实地）可表强调，代入句中表示“你确实找不着北了”，与and前“迷路”的表述相一致，故答案为[D]项。[A]项formally（正式地；礼貌地）、[B]项relatively（相对地）和[C]项gradually（逐渐地）代入文中明显语义不通。 5.【答案】[A] 【解析】前面讲到“迷路了（lost）”，此处应该是说一些窍门指引你“找到回去的路”，[A]项back（返回，回到原处）正好与lost（迷路）相呼应，符合此处的语义和逻辑，故为答案。[B]项next（下次；紧接着，随后）、[C]项around（在四周，围绕）和[D]项away（远离）代入文中语义和逻辑均不通顺。 6.【答案】[B] 【解析】通过上段内容可知，本段是介绍迷路时找到路的具体方法，再结合冒号后面关于地形的两个问题以及空格后的trail（路线）不难推测，空格处所表达的应该是类似“迷路，偏离路线”之意，[B]项off（偏离，离开）符合此处语义，故为答案。[A]项onto（在……之上）和[C]项across（穿过，跨越）代入句中均不能使上下文形成合理的语义衔接；[D]项along（沿着）代入文中前后语义矛盾。 7.【答案】[D] 【解析】but前面说的是“迷路了”，but后面的内容既要能够与“迷路了”这一语义相衔接，又要与其构成语义上的转折关系，四个选项中只有[D]项unfamiliar（不熟悉的）符合此处的语义和逻辑，故为答案。此处表示“虽然迷路了，但并不是在一个完全不熟悉的区域”。[A]项unattractive（不吸引人的）、[B]项uncrowded（不拥挤的）和[C]项unchanged（未改变的）代入文中均不能使but前后的内容构成转折的语义关系。 8.【答案】[C] 【解析】空格后的downhill表示“向下；下坡”，[C]项way（方向；道路）代入文中表示“哪个方向或哪一条路是下坡的？”，语义通顺，且与前面所讲的“迷路了”的语境相符，故答案为[C]项。[A]项site（地点，位置；场所）、[B]项point（地点；要点）和[D]项place（地方，地点）均无法与后面的方位副词downhill（向下，下坡）形成合理的语义关系。 9.【答案】[A] 【解析】从前后句意来看，“生活在山谷中的人们依靠淡水为生”与“沿着发现的任何‘水分子’一直向下走应该会看到人烟”之间存在因果关系，[A]项So（因此）符合此处逻辑，故为答案。[B]项Yet（然而）、[C]项Instead（反而，而不是）和[D]项Besides（此外）代入文中均不能使空格前后形成合理的逻辑衔接。 10.【答案】[D] 【解析】[D]项eventually（最后，终于）代入句中表示“沿着你发现的任何‘水分子’一直走，你最终应该会看到人烟”，语义通顺，且符合上下文语境，故答案为[D]项。[A]项immediately（立即）和[C]项unexpectedly（意外地，出乎意料地）虽然也能使空格所在分句语义通顺，但无法与上文形成合理的语义衔接；[B]项intentionally故意地，有意地）代入文中语义不通。 11.【答案】[A] 【解析】破折号后的内容是对其前建议“密切关注熟悉景物”的解释说明，表明这么做的意义：认出某熟悉景物会让人迅速找回方向感。how quickly体现出对耗时之短的惊叹，空格处所填词应与此惊叹语气一致,四个选项中只有[A]项surprised（惊讶）符合此处语义，故为答案。[B]项annoyed（生气）、[C]项frightened（害怕）和[D]项confused（困惑）代入文中均无法形成合理的语义衔接。 12.【答案】[B] 【解析】第一段结尾引出主题：一些窍门能够指引你回到文明社会。随后具体介绍第一种窍门（one of which is...），空格前的another（另一个）与第一段中的one相呼应，再结合冒号后面的内容可知，本段应该是介绍另一种方法，[B]项option（选择，选项）代入句中表示“另一个选择”，符合语义，故为答案。[A]项problem（问题）、[C]项view（观点，看法）和[D]项result（结果）明显不符合上下文语境。 13.【答案】[D] 【解析】空格前面的句子是本段的主题句“另一个选择：登高并寻找人类居住的迹象”，空格所在句则具体讲述在茂密的森林里可以通过寻找树木间的缺口来找到出去的路，这应该是对该方法的举例说明，故答案为[D]项For example（例如）。[A]项Above all（首先；尤其是）、[B]项In contrast（相反；相比之下）和[C]项On average（平均来说）代入文中均不能使上下文形成合理的逻辑和语义衔接。 14.【答案】[C] 【解析】此处是对前面提到的“登高并寻找（look for）人类居住的迹象”这一方法的举例说明，gaps in the tree line（树木间的缺口）对应signs（痕迹），由此可推测，空格所填词应该与look for意思接近，[C]项spot（发现）符合这一语义，故为答案。[A]项bridge做动词时常与gap搭配，表示“弥合差距，消除隔阂（或分歧等）”，与此处语境不符；[B]项avoid（避免）和[D]项separate（使分离，分开）代入文中均语义不通。 15.【答案】[B] 【解析】people carve the woods是省略了引导词that的定语从句，修饰“roads，train tracks，and other paths”。根据常识可知，森林里的小路应该是穿过森林开凿出来的，[B]项through（通过，穿过）符合语义，故为答案。[A]项from（来自；从）、[C]项beyond（超出；在……另一边）和[D]项under（在……下面）代入文中均语义不通。 16.【答案】[D] 【解析】空格前的指示代词these提示，空格所填词应指代上文中的某一名词；上一句提到，即便是在茂密的森林里，你应该也能发现树木间的缺口（gaps in the tree line）；按照上下文的语义衔接，these 应该是指代gaps in the tree line，[D]项breaks（缺口，裂口，裂缝）与gaps（缺口，开口，裂缝）意思接近，符合此处的指代和语义，故为答案。[A]项posts（职位；柱，杆，桩）、[B]项links（连接）和[C]项shades（阴影；遮光物）代入文中均无法在上文找到对应的指代内容。 17.【答案】[A] 【解析】空格后的such as fires and streetlights是对 light sources的列举说明，众所周知，火光（fires）和路灯（streetlights）属于人造光源，[A]项artificial（人造的）代入句中表示“人造光源”，符合fires（火）和streetlights（路灯）的特点；此外，scan...for light sources 与段首主题句中look for signs of human habitation形成呼应，artificial正好与human属于同一语义场，故答案为[A]项。[B]项mysterious（神秘的）、[C]项hidden（隐藏的）和[D]项limited（有限的）代入文中均不能使上下文形成合理的语义衔接。 18.【答案】[A] 【解析】空格位于段首，并由逗号与后面的内容隔开，故应考虑与上文的逻辑衔接。第一段提到本文会介绍一些窍门指引迷路的人返回文明社会，本段为最后一段，此处应该是介绍最后一种方法，[A]项Finally（最后）符合此处逻辑，故为答案。[B]项Consequently（因此，所以）、[C]项Incidentally（顺便提一下；偶然地）和[D]项Generally（总体来说；一般，通常）代入文中均不能使上下文形成合理的逻辑衔接。 19.【答案】[B] 【解析】分析空格所在句结构可知，we leave on the landscape为省略了引导词that的定语从句，修饰空格所填词，且所填词为leave的逻辑宾语；再结合句意可知，所填词表示“人们留下的可以帮助迷路的人找到出路的某种事物或信息”，[B]项marks（痕迹；标志，记号）符合语境，故为答案。下一句中具体列举的trail blazes（树皮上的记号）、tire tracks（轮胎痕迹）等标记又进一步确定了答案。[A]项memories（记忆）、[C]项notes（笔记，记录）和[D]项belongings（所有物）也可以做leave的宾语，但均不符合语境，无法涵盖后面trail blazes、tire tracks的含义。 20.【答案】[C] 【解析】结合上一句可知，此处讲的是迷路时可以通过寻找树皮上的记号、轮胎痕迹等人们留下的标记来找到出路，[C]项lead（引导，引领）常与to搭配，代入句中表示“引导你回到文明社会”，符合上下文语境，故答案为[C]项。[A]项restrict（限制，约束）、[B]项adapt（使适应）和[D]项expose（使显露，使暴露）都可与to搭配，但代入文中均语义不通。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part AText 121.【答案】[A]【解析】根据题干信息Paragraph 1和one motive...rule定位到第一段第三句。该句指出，这项“追回”规定的主要目的是让银行家为有害的冒险行为承担责任（hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking），并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。由此可知，[A]项是实行该项新规定的一个主要目的，故为答案，该项中的responsibility“同义替换”原文中的accountable。 22.【答案】[D] 【解析】根据题干信息Alfred Marshall和quoted定位到第二段最后一句。该句提到，英格兰银行的首席经济学家安德鲁•霍尔丹引用了古典经济学巨匠阿尔弗雷德•马歇尔的话，把这种金融上的急躁（this financial impatience）描述为像“孩子们从布丁里挑出李子马上吃掉”一样的行为，而不是把它们放在一边，留到最后吃；this financial impatience指代该段首句提到的short-termism，可见引用阿尔弗雷德•马歇尔的话就是为了说明经济活动中的“短期主义”，故答案为[D]项。 23.【答案】[B] 【解析】根据题干信息transient investment定位到第三段第二句。该句指出，要求从公司获得高额季度利润的短期投资者（transient investors）会阻碍（hinder）公司在投资长期研究或建立客户忠诚度方面的努力。由hinder一词可推断，本文认为短期投资可能会给公司带来“不利”影响，故答案为[B]项。 24.【答案】[C] 【解析】根据题干信息US和France分别定位到第五段和第六段。第五段为美国的例子，第六段为法国的例子。第五段中提到美国迫使上市公司推迟发放高管绩效奖金的措施，使“短期主义”有所减少（helping reduce “short-termism”）；第六段提到法国为鼓励“长期主义”采取的措施（to encourage “long-termism”）：持有公司投资两年以上的股东可以拥有更多的表决权。归纳两段内容可知，美国和法国的例子都是为了说明如何限制“短期主义”和推行“长期主义”，故答案为[C]项。 25.【答案】[B] 【解析】第一段由一项延迟发放银行高管固定奖金的金融措施引出全文中心话题：促进金融投资的长期规划（long-term decision-making）；第二至四段指出目前“短期主义（short-termism）”投资占主流的现象及弊端；第五、六段介绍美法两国为推行“长期主义（long-termism）”所采取的措施；最后一段呼应第一段，点明英国金融新规定提醒银行家们注重“长期主义”。综合可知，本文批判了西方国家金融投资中的“短期主义”，主张要注重并推行“长期主义”。四个选项中只有[B]项与本文主题相符，最适合作为本文标题。该项中，patience（耐心）对应long-termism，而virtue（美德）是对“长期主义”的肯定。此外，第二段中提到this financial impatience（这种金融上的急躁），也对答案起到提示作用。 Text 226.【答案】[D]【解析】根据题干信息grade inflation定位到第一段第一句。该句提到grade inflation（分数膨胀），破折号中间是对其含义的解释，随后指出了它背后的原因：它常常被认为是高等教育在消费时代的产物（often considered a product of a consumer era），学生被当作需要取悦的顾客对待。[D]项正是对该原因的同义转述，故为答案。题干中的is commonly regarded对应原文中的is often considered。 27.【答案】[A] 【解析】根据题干信息original purpose定位到第三段第二句。该句指出，几十年前，这种做法（成绩宽恕）刚开始施行时，通常只限于大一新生，目的是在他们向大学水平课程艰难过渡的过程中给予他们在第一学年重修一门课程的机会。[A]项正是对这一目的的同义转述，故为答案。 28.【答案】[A] 【解析】根据题干信息Paragraph 5和enables colleges定位到第五段第一句。该句指出，“成绩宽恕”也可以通过某种方式满足大学自身的需求（satisfies colleges’ own needs），题干中的enables colleges对应该句中的satisfies colleges，但具体如何满足大学需求并未在该句中说明，而是在第二句中有所体现：对于公立院校来说，国家的资金投入有时部分取决于它们在毕业率、学生在读率等指标上的成功——因此，成绩越好，就越能提升那些数据，从而得到更多资金（better grades...mean more money）。可见，“成绩宽恕”政策可以提高学生的成绩，继而使大学获取国家更多的资金投入。[A]项表述与此相符，故为答案，其中more financial support对应原文中的more money。 29.【答案】[C] 【解析】根据题干信息“to be aligned”（Para. 6）定位到第六段最后一句。要理解to be aligned的含义，需要明确this指代的内容。上文提到，学生和家长希望通过获得大学学位找到一份工作，那么培养出尽可能合格的毕业生是最符合学校利益的做法，可见获得大学学位、成为合格的毕业生是“学生和学校共同的利益目标”，this即指代这一利益目标，由此可推知to be aligned最可能表达的含义就是“相互一致”，故答案为[C]项。 30.【答案】[B] 【解析】根据题干内容可知，本题考查对文章整体写作思路的把握，故应定位到全文。浏览各段寻找主题句和中心词，尤其注意各段第一句。第一段第二句通过but转折引出主题grade forgiveness（成绩宽恕）；第二段用一句话概括介绍什么是“成绩宽恕”；第三段第一句指出“成绩宽恕”政策越来越盛行的原因，随后又阐述了该政策的最初目的；第四段介绍大学管理者对“成绩宽恕”目标的解释；第五段阐述“成绩宽恕”如何满足大学自身的需要；最后一段指出“成绩宽恕”是回应消费者对高等教育期望的另一种方式。综合以上内容可知，第三段至第六段都在论述“成绩宽恕”政策推行的原因及目的，可见本文是通过“分析其原因及目的”来审视“成绩宽恕”政策，故答案为[B]项。 Text 331.【答案】[C]【解析】根据题干信息Mary Shelley和Frankenstein定位到第一段第一句。本题为典型的例证题，所证观点在例子后面。第一句提到，玛丽•雪莱的小说《弗兰肯斯坦》（Frankenstein）出版至今已有200年，随后第二句对该作品作出了评价：甚至早在电灯泡发明之前，该作者就创作了一部非凡的推理小说，预示未来的科技将引发诸多伦理问题（foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come）。再结合第二段可知，这里的科技是指如今的AI，可见第一句中提到这部小说就是因为它涉及了人工智能引发的诸多伦理问题，故答案为[C]项。该项中，involves对应原文中的 foreshadow；some concerns对应many ethical questions；raised by AI today对应raised by technologies yet to come。 32.【答案】[D] 【解析】根据题干信息David Eagleman定位到第四段。第四段阐述了大卫•伊格曼有关人类意识的观点：人类的思维方式（how people think）仍然极为复杂，仅仅理解都有困难（far too complex to be understood），更不用说复制了（let alone reproduced）；目前我们还没有好的理论能解释意识究竟是什么（no good theories explaining...consciousness）。题干中的consciousness对应原文中的how people think，[D]项“同义替换”原文中的too complex to be...reproduced，故为答案。 33.【答案】[B] 【解析】根据题干信息autonomous vehicles定位到第五段第二句。该句用“自动驾驶车辆（autonomous vehicles）”的例子来说明AI所带来的伦理问题离我们并不遥远。例子提到，即将投入使用的自动驾驶车辆引起了棘手的伦理问题，接着具体阐述了问题如何棘手，由此可推知，目前我们还不知道应该如何解决该问题，故答案为[B]项。 34.【答案】[A] 【解析】根据题干信息Google’s pledges定位到第七段。本题是问作者对谷歌的承诺的态度，而第七段只是客观介绍了谷歌承诺的内容，其中并未体现作者的态度，故应继续向下阅读。第八段第一句作者对该声明作出了评价：虽然这个声明含糊不清，但它象征着一个起点。由此可见，对于谷歌的声明，作者持“肯定”态度，故答案为[A]项。 35.【答案】[C] 【解析】本题考查对文章主旨的把握，故应定位于全文。浏览各段寻找主题句和关键词，尤其注意各段段首和重复词语。第一段通过玛丽•雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》一书引出主题：新科技所引发的伦理问题；第二段引出AI这一主题；第三、四段解释什么是AI以及人类意识和AI的复杂性；第五段通过but转折指出AI所涉及的伦理问题已经触手可及；第六、七段介绍一些国家和机构针对该问题的应对措施；第八、九段是作者对AI发展前景的展望。综合以上内容可知，本文主要探讨的是AI所涉及的伦理问题，文中反复出现AI以及ethical/ethics，而[C]项中的conscience正是对文中ethical/ethics的“同义替换”，故[C]项最适合作为本文标题，该项中的complex在第四段中有明确体现，而inevitable则与第五段but转折后的内容对应。 ...... Part B 【参考范文】 What is vividly portrayed in the picture is that two people are climbing the mountain together. One of them sits down and complains, “I’m tired, and I don’t want to climb anymore.” However, the other hands him a bottle of water, saying “Come on! Take a break and continue climbing.” How warm and encouraging the action is! Simple as the picture is, it profoundly reveals the significance of persistence. Life is just like climbing a mountain. When facing the difficulties, we should persist in our goals and inspire our partners not to give up. Persistence plays a vital role in personal development, and is an essential quality to success. For example, if Madame Curie hadn’t done experiments over and over again, she couldn’t have discovered the radioactive element—radium. If Li Na hadn’t persisted in her training for many years, she couldn’t have beaten all the other top tennis players and become a world champion. There are too many similar examples to mention. From my point of view, the importance of persistence should be emphasized, especially to the young. In the process of our growth, we would have to climb many mountains, and might face various difficulties on the way. Only by persisting could we reach the top in the end and enjoy a different wonderful scene. 【参考译文】 图画生动地描述了两个人一起爬山的情景。一个人坐下来抱怨：“累了，我不爬了。”另一个人则递给他一瓶水，说：“别呀！休息一下再继续爬。”这多么温暖和鼓舞人心啊！ 尽管图画比较简单，但它深刻地反映了坚持的重要性。人生好比爬山。面对困难，我们应该坚持目标，并鼓励我们的同伴不要放弃。坚持对于个人发展至关重要，是成功的必要品质。例如，如果居里夫人不是一遍又一遍地反复实验，她不可能发现放射性元素镭。如果李娜不是多年坚持训练，她不可能打败其他顶尖的网球选手并最终成为世界冠军。类似的例子不胜枚举。 我认为，要强调坚持的重要性，尤其是对年轻人。在成长的过程中，我们要爬很多座山，在途中可能会遇到很多困难。只有坚持，我们才能最终到达山顶并欣赏到别样的精彩风景。 历年试题及答案解析内容较多，由于篇幅限制，完整内容请关注【华图考研】微信公众号，回复【历年试题】获取。 (责任编辑：迟) |
